This story is part of Doubting the Dose, a series that examines anti-vaccine sentiment and the role of misinformation in supercharging it.在这里阅读更多.
The Pfizer-BioNtech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen vaccines may be miracles of modern medicine, but they were also developed in a remarkably short time frame, amid a sea of misinformation and conspiracy theories. So it’s understandable that some may feel initially hesitant about getting vaccinated.
尽管有立即需要使许多人迅速接种疫苗，以降低感染率，并发生进一步的危险突变的机会，但说服疫苗可能会花费时间。
谈论COVID-19疫苗接种的重要性的最佳实践包括genuinely listening担心别人表达和仅提供答案你知道是真的。如果您不确定事实，可以这样说，并将其引导到知名的来源或自己进行更多研究。
随着所有错误信息的流动，我们围捕了七个常见的疫苗神话，这些神话可能阻止人们接种疫苗。这是科学告诉我们Covid-19疫苗的信息。
Myth: The vaccines were rushed to market, so we don’t know their long-term impacts.
的确，这三种Covid-19-19疫苗是在创纪录的时间内开发的，不到一年，而通常需要10到15年才能通过开发和测试阶段获得疫苗。
This is because of theseverity of the pandemic, the amount of funding the effort received globally, and the dedication of researchers who worked around the clock on this massive undertaking. Rather than cut corners on clinical trials, other aspects of the process were streamlined,例如前建造设施.
All three vaccines were built on technology that has beenin development for years. Pfizer and Moderna both launched mRNA vaccines, which have been in development for decades. mRNA vaccines are also being researched for Zika, flu, rabies, and more,according to the CDC. “They were able to leverage that technology that was used for a different therapeutic use,” Rupali Limaye, a scientist at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,told德赢提款after approval of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines earlier this year. Similarly, the Johnson & Johnson vaccinebuilds on years of researchabout adenovirus-based vaccines.
这种疫苗在试验中没有看到这种疫苗的长期影响。科学记者塔拉·海尔（Tara Haelle）写道：“许可疫苗后唯一发生的长期影响是我们在数周或几个月内了解到的疫苗。”inElemental.“如果Covid-19疫苗超出了试验中报告的副作用，那么我们现在就会知道它们。”
Myth: Getting the vaccine means getting a small amount of the virus injected.
None of the shots actually give you the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19. Instead, the approved vaccines work by teaching your body how to make something called a spike protein, which is a protein that’s part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This protein triggers your body’s natural immune response. That way, if you’re later exposed to the virus, your body will already be equipped to fight it.
In the case of Pfizer and Moderna, your body is taught this通过Messenger RNA, or mRNA. The J&J shot accomplishes the same thingvia a harmless adenovirus经过设计，因此包含尖峰蛋白的遗传信息。
神话：疫苗可以改变您的DNA。
This sounds like a scary idea, but the mRNA that is used in the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines never interacts with your DNA, and it breaks down quickly once it does its job helping your body develop antibodies to the virus’s spike protein. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine alsodoesn’t alter your DNA.
Myth: Vaccines can affect your fertility.
在一份联合声明中，美国妇产科学家学院的专家，美国生殖医学学会和母亲医学学会强调，没有证据表明这种疫苗会影响生育能力，说“虽然在疫苗的临床试验中没有专门研究生育能力，但自授权以来接受疫苗的数百万次接种疫苗的疫苗损失尚未造成生育能力，并且在动物研究中没有出现不孕症的迹象。生育能力的丧失在科学上不太可能。”
我们知道的一种方式？接种疫苗后怀孕的疫苗试验参与者的比率were similarto pregnancy rates of trial participants who got the placebo, which suggests getting vaccinated was not detrimental to fertility. Pregnant peopleareathigher risk for serious illness from COVID-19， 然而。
误解：很多人对疫苗有过敏反应。
仅有的数量极少的人have had a reaction that was severe enough to require treatment with epinephrine or hospitalization. There’s一个系统疫苗接种提供者报告严重的反应，因此疾病预防控制中心保持very good records of this. If you have allergies, you should talk with a doctor before getting vaccinated. Side effects are possible, as with any medicine, but the benefits of the vaccine far outweigh the risks.
Myth: The new variants will make the vaccines useless anyway.
虽然确实有一些新的病毒菌株使疫苗的有效性降低，但专家仍然认为疫苗接种至关重要。加州大学洛杉矶分校卫生部的Annabelle de St. Maurice博士，“即使在我们与流感疫苗不佳的几年中，我们也看到了一些免疫接种。”告诉Los Angeles Times.“And that’s the same for SARS-CoV-2. Even if the vaccines are less efficient, getting the vaccine is better than not getting the vaccine.”
If and when new mutations make the vaccines substantially less effective,it is possible to update mRNA vaccines迅速地。研究人员已经在研究第三个助推器射击为了更好地保护那些收到辉瑞或现代镜头的人，以免受新的和高度传播的变体。（约翰逊和约翰逊疫苗也可以更新虽然它的设计需要更多步骤）
Myth: Getting vaccinated doesn’t reduce your risk of spreading the virus to others.
仍在进行更多的研究，以了解疫苗接种的人如何仍然可以将病毒传播给他人，即使他们本身没有生病（或只有较小的症状）。迄今为止，early research from Israel suggeststhat vaccination greatly reduces the likelihood of asymptomatic transmission of the virus. That’s great news!
当然，即使疫苗没有减少您可以传播的机会，仍然值得保护自己。目前，疾病预防控制中心仍然建议戴口罩并在接种疫苗后继续进行社交距离，以保护他人。同样重要的是要记住，您没有立即受到保护；它通常需要疫苗接种后两周建立足够的免疫力。