这座2,000英尺的桥是在没有任何图纸的情况下建造的

Soaring above a forest outside of Oslo,兰德尔瓦桥is remarkably unremarkable. A straightforward viaduct for cars and trucks, the gently curving bridge straddles a river, a valley, a rail line, and foothills. The bridge stretches 634 meters, or 2,080 feet, and stands 180 feet above the ground at its highest point. Like many highway projects around the world, it has been engineered to span great distances and stand strong—feats that have become so normal they’re expected as the status quo. But unlike most large-scale building projects, this bridge has been designed and constructed without any drawings.

构建蓝图是二维图纸，详细介绍了承包商如何将设计转化为完成的项目，但已被完全消除。当下个月在奥斯陆西北约31英里处的霍尼福斯市附近开放交通时，这座桥将是有史以来最长的没有2D图纸的桥梁。

This feat was made possible by a new approach to designing and constructing projects. Using one highly detailed digital three-dimensional model this approach is saving time and money on what can be expensive, slow, and complex building projects.

该过程被称为建筑信息建模或BIM，它消除了已成为问题的施工中的一步。在过去的十年左右的时间里，随着数字设计软件的发展，大多数大型建筑项目都是以3D模型进行了数字设计的。完成后，这些型号将变成大量的2D图纸，这些2D图纸和供应商用来绘制逐步施工过程。在施工过程中遇到的任何问题都需要对数字模型进行更改，并需要创建新的施工图，这是既昂贵又常见的变化。

For Randselva Bridge, engineering companySwecoopted for a fully digital approach, using one model of the project that would be used and amended throughout the design and construction process. Using a BIM approach enabled by technology company Trimble’sTekla建模软件负责该项目设计的Sweco的BIM开发商Oystein Ulvestad表示，该项目能够消除对2D图的需求，而是允许承包商使用3D模型。

乌尔维斯塔德说：“模型中的每个对象都有与其连接的数据。”当每个部分构造和扫描时，对结构的任何细微变化都可以立即反映在模型中，从而易于调整将来的部分仍有待构建的部分。如果需要抬高或降低一英寸的新部分，则该模型将精确地显示如何调整每件建筑材料以适应更改。网站上的工人没有构建原始规格，而是使用平板电脑并增强现实，以查看下一步以及在哪里建造什么。乌尔维斯塔德说：“我们看到我们将在更少的错误中节省很多钱。”

建筑行业开始看到这种方法的智慧。关于half of all construction companies have reported using BIM modeling，但是，随着设计师和承包商适应以技术为中心的建筑方法，采用率很慢。

On a typical construction project there are plenty of chances for things to go awry. Ulvestad says the bridge has more than 250,000 individual pieces of reinforcing bars, and about 250 long-span steel cables that serve to keep the bridge at the right tension. “When you would traditionally work to build this with drawings, you’d need about 200 of these drawings. And when you would revise every one of those about five or six times, so you would end up with about 1,000 drawings,” he says. Regular 3D scans of the project help keep the model updated and point out where changes are needed.

Swecohas designed smaller projects using this approach, and Ulvestad says cost savings on those projects have been around 10% compared to conventional construction, mostly they’ve helped reduce expensive changes to drawings during construction and the extra material orders they require. He says the data is still coming in on Randselva Bridge, but he expects the savings to be even greater.

他说，还可以节省其他成本，因为可以根据需要订购和存储材料，从而使承包商能够根据该项目建造的任何细微的更改购买所需的零件和零件。乌尔维斯塔德说：“您始终确切地知道要多少钢，多少钢筋以及需要多少混凝土。”“它使建筑工地的生活更加灵活和容易。”

这种方法还使协作变得更加容易。欧洲各地的几家公司都参与了设计和建造Randselva桥梁，并且存在这么大项目的翻译中会丢失很多危险。

“When you do engineering, every country has its own way of making drawings. On this project, we were teams of engineers sitting in five different countries with five different ways of doing drawings,” Ulvestad says. “Since BIM models are very universal, this kind of cross-country collaboration was a lot easier.”

乌尔维斯塔德（Ulvestad）表示，消除2D图是建筑行业的更大转型的一部分。他说，使用BIM模型，许多建筑项目很快就可以通过自动化来建立。他说：“目前，人们正在阅读这些BIM模型，但最终我们正在做的是为机器人阅读它们的未来做准备。”有一天，这不仅仅是大型建筑项目中缺少的图纸。人们也会失踪。